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1 Division of Biochemistry, Noyes Laboratory of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, and Division of Marine Biology, The Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California
1. The characteristics of a persistent diurnal rhythm of luminescence in the dinoflagellate Gonyaulax polyedra are described.
2. The light emission upon stimulation, from cultures which are kept in alternating light and dark periods of 12 hours each (= LD), is 40 to 60 times greater during the dark period than during the light period. If LD cultures are placed in continuous dim light (100 foot-candles) a diurnal rhythm of luminescence persists. If LD cultures are placed in continuous bright light (> 1500 foot-candles) the rhythm is damped, and no fluctuations occur in the amount of light emitted.
3. The occurrence of rhythmicity is not dependent upon prior exposure to LD conditions. Cultures which have been grown in bright light for as long as one year show a diurnal rhythm when placed in constant dim light or darkness. Cultures kept in alternating light and dark cycles which are greater or less than 24 hours similarly show a diurnal rhythm when returned to constant dim light or darkness. "Training" or "memory" is therefore not involved.
4. The rhythm can be entrained by light-dark cycles which are different from 24 hours. The period of the luminescence rhythm corresponds to light-dark cycles which have periods ranging between 12 and 32 hours.
5. The period of the rhythm is always close to 24 hours when the cells are kept under constant conditions, but it varies slightly depending upon the temperature and light intensity.
6. The phase of the rhythm under constant conditions is related to the time at which the previous lightand dark periods occurred. Moreover, the phase may be shifted by interposing a non-repeated exposure to a different light intensity. The number of hours by which the phase is shifted in such an experiment is dependent upon the intensity and duration of the light treatment, and the time in the cycle when it is administered.
7. Exhaustive mechanical stimulation does not alter the phase of the rhythm.
8. When cultures having different phases were mixed, no evidence was found which would indicate that there was any interaction between them.
9. The evidence presented indicates that the diurnal rhythmicity is the consequence of a basic oscillatory mechanism which is inherent to the cell.
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P. Hayden and R. G. Lindberg Circadian Rhythm in Mammalian Body Temperature Entrained by Cyclic Pressure Changes Science, June 13, 1969; 164(3885): 1288 - 1289. [Abstract] [PDF]
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