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Biol Bull 160: 199-227. (April 1981)
© 1981 Marine Biological Laboratory
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CIRCADIAN TIMING BY ENDOGENOUS OSCILLATORS IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM: TOWARD CELLULAR MECHANISMS

JON W. JACKLET 1

1 Department of Biological Sciences and Neurobiology Research Center, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY 12222

The basic properties of circadian rhythms, such as oscillator type, entrainment to daily light-dark (LD) cycles, temperature compensation of the period length, and free-running periodicity, are remarkably similar in eucaryotic organisms from unicells to man. This encourages the view that all circadian oscillators are based on identical principles, found at the cellular level. Animals have a multioscillator organization, with brain centers (suprachiasmatic nuclei, optic lobes, etc.) and related structures (pineals, eyes, etc.) as sources of rhythmicity and coordination. Oscillators and driven activities are coupled by secretion (e.g. eclosion hormone, melatonin) or by direct neuronal connection. Oscillators of the multioscillator systems also are coupled. The cellular requirements for the circadian oscillator appear to be as generally uniform among various organisms as the basic properties. Ions and ion transport are important in the timing mechanism, as is protein synthesis on the eucaryotic ribosome. Although no concise model of the circadian oscillator encompassing protein synthesis, ions, and membranes has been offered, progress in analysis of the mechanisms has been made by genetic selection, screening of biochemical mutants, organ and tissue culturing, biochemical isolation of components, and chemical-pulse probing of the cellular oscillator.




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Copyright © 1981 by the Marine Biological Laboratory.