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The Biological Bulletin, Vol 196, Issue 3 245-256, Copyright © 1999 by Marine Biological Laboratory

DEVELOPMENT AND REPRODUCTION

Development, Temperature Tolerance, and Settlement Preference of Embryos and Larvae of the Articulate Brachiopod Laqueus californianus

J. T. Pennington, M. N. Tamburri and J. P. Barry
Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, 7700 Sandholdt Road, Moss Landing, California 95039

Populations of the articulate brachiopod Laqueus californianus occur in dense single-species aggregations near the continental shelf/slope break (100-200 m) in Monterey Bay, California. The development of embryos and larvae of L. californianus has been examined by scanning electron microscopy. Fertilizable eggs are 130-140 {mu}m in diameter, and sperm are unmodified. Cleavage is holoblastic and radial. At 10{deg}C an up-swimming blastula develops by 18-h, and gastrulation occurs within 24-38 h. The embryo elongates on a new larval axis and the blastopore closes by 72 h. A trilobed articulate brachiopod larva forms by day 3-4, and a metamorphically competent larva with attachment disk is attained in 7 days. Competent larvae swim downwards. Effects of temperature on larval survival and development rate have also been examined. Larvae die within 1 day at 25{deg}C. At 20{deg}C, development appears normal but results in spontaneous abnormal settlement of larvae 5-6 days old. At 15{deg}, 10{deg}, and 5{deg}C, most larvae achieve competence in 5, 7, and 9 days, respectively. Many larvae survive for 71 days at 10{deg} and 15{deg}C. Patterns of larval settlement vary among substrates, but larvae show strong preference for shells of living conspecific adults. Settlement and metamorphosis can occur within 24 h upon exposure of larvae to substrate.


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