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Biol. Bull. 205: 66-72. (August 2003)
© 2003 Marine Biological Laboratory

Early Development and Acquisition of Zooxanthellae in the Temperate Symbiotic Sea Anemone Anthopleura ballii (Cocks)

Simon K. Davy1,* and John R. Turner2

1 Institute of Marine Studies, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
2 School of Ocean Sciences, University of Wales - Bangor, Marine Science Laboratories, Menai Bridge, Anglesey LL59 5EY, UK

* Author for correspondence and current address: School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand

The ova of Anthopleura ballii become infected with zooxanthellae (endosymbiotic dinoflagellates) of maternal origin just prior to spawning. After fertilization, the zygotes undergo radial, holoblastic cleavage, and then gastrulate by invagination to form ciliated planulae. Because the zooxanthellae are localized on one side of the ovum—and later, within the blastomeres at one end of the embryo—invagination leads to the zooxanthellae being restricted to the planular endoderm and hence to the gastrodermal cells of the adult anemone. We propose that maternal inheritance of zooxanthellae plays an important part in the success of these temperate sea anemones, which live in regions where potential sources of zooxanthellae are scarce.




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A. Scott and P. L. Harrison
Embryonic and Larval Development of the Host Sea Anemones Entacmaea quadricolor and Heteractis crispa
Biol. Bull., October 1, 2007; 213(2): 110 - 121.
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